Words ending in -is
Consonant gradation is possible
for these words, please refer to Lesson 7.
An intrusive /h/ is possible here.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
grade 0 = nominative form |
raitis - raitista (sober - some sober: partitive sg.) |
|
Singular grade +1 (strong) = change -is to -ii- |
raitis - raitthiin (sober
- of a sober: genitive sg.) |
|
Plural grade +1 (strong) = change -is to -ii |
raitis - raitthiissa (sober - in a sober:
genitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
singular = nominative form +
-ta/-tä |
ruumis - ruumista (body -
some parts of a body: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = change
-is of the grade
+1
stem to -hiita/-hiitä |
ruumis - ruumhiita (body - some bodies: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive plural = change -is of the grade +1 stem to
-hiitten |
ruumis - ruumhiitten (body
- of some bodies: genitive pl.) |
Words ending in -us, -ys,
-os,
-ös,
and -es
These words do not undergo consonant gradation. These words are usually derived from verbs.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = change -s to -kse- |
kirjoitus - kirjoituksesta (writing - about writing: elative sg.) |
|
Plural stem = change -s to -ksi- |
kysymys - kysymyksile (question - to questions:
allative pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= nominative
+ -ta/-tä |
rakenus
- rakenusta (building - some
part of a building: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = change -s to -ksii or -ksiita/-ksiitä |
rakenus - rakenuksii/rakenuksiita
(building - some buildings: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = add -ten or rarely -ksiin |
käänös
- käänösten/käänöksiin (translation - of translations:
genitive pl.) |
Pay attention to
conjugations of the word "man":
|
Nom. |
Gen. sg. |
Part. sg. |
Ill. sg. |
Ade. sg. |
Gen. pl. |
Part. pl. |
Ade. pl. |
|
|
mies |
miehen |
miestä |
miehheen |
miehelä |
miesten miehiin |
miehii |
miehilä |
|
Words ending in -uus, -aus, -eus, -ous,
and -yys
These words do not
undergo consonant gradation, but there are strong and weak stems.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
weak stem = change -s to -đe- |
hyvvyyys
- hyvvyyđestä (writing - about writing: elative sg.) |
|
Singular strong stem = change -s to -te- |
hyvvyyys - hyvvyytheen (goodness - into goodness: elative sg.) hyvvyyys - hyvvyytena (goodness - as goodness: essive sg.) |
|
Plural
stem = change -s to -ksi |
korkkeus
- korkkeuksile (height - to heights:
allative pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular = change
-s to -tta/-ttä |
korkkeus - korkkeutta (height - some part of a height: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = change
-s to -ksii or -ksiita/-ksiitä |
korkkeus - korkkeuksii/ korkkeuksiita (height - some heights: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive plural = change -s add -ksiitten |
hyvvyyys - hyvvyyksiitten (goodness
- of goodnesses: genitive pl.) |
Words ending in -el, -en,
-er,
and -ar
Consonant gradation is possible
for some archaic words like "manner" and "ien", but there
are only a very few of them. Please refer to Lesson 7.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = nominative form + -e- |
sisar
- sisaren (sister - of a sister: genitive sg.) |
|
Plural stem = nominative form + -i- |
askel - askelissa (step - in steps: inessive
pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= nominative form + -ta/-tä |
kämmen - kämmentä (palm - some parts of a palm: partitive
sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = nominative form + -iita/-iitä |
jäsen - jäsenii/jäseniitä (member - some members:
partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = nominative form + -iitten |
siemen - siemeniitten (seed - of some
bodies: genitive pl.) |
Pay attention to conjugations
of the word "vasen":
|
Nominative |
Genetive sg. |
Partitive sg. |
Genitive pl. |
Partitive pl. |
Meaning |
|
vasen |
vaseman |
vasenta |
vasemiin vasemiitten |
vasemii vasemiita |
left |
Pay attention to conjugations
of the word "manner" and "ien":
|
Nominative |
Genetive sg. |
Partitive sg. |
Genitive pl. |
Partitive pl. |
Meaning |
|
manner |
manteren |
mannerta |
manteriin manteriitten |
manterii manteriita |
mainland |
|
ien |
ikenen |
ienta |
ikeniin ikeniitten |
ikenii ikeniitä |
gum of
a mouth |
Words ending in -tar and -tär
Consonant gradation is possible
for these words, please refer to Lesson 7.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
grade 0 = nominative form |
kuningatar - kuningatarta (queen - part of a queen: partitive
sg.) |
|
Singular grade +1 = change -is to -ii- |
kuningatar - kuningattaren (queen - of a queen: genitive
sg.) |
|
Plural
grade
+1
=
change -ii to -ii |
tytär - tyttäristä (girl - about girls:
elative sg.) |
|
Partitive
singular = nominative form +
-ta/-tä |
tytär - tytärtä (girl -
some parts of a girl: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = grade
+1 + -ii or -iita/-iitä |
tytär - tyttärii/tyttäriitä (girl - some girls: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive plural = grade +1 + -iitten |
tytär - tyttäriitten (girl -
of some girls: genitive pl.) |
Loanwords ending in a consonant
No gradation
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
= nominative form + -i- |
Trondheim -
Trondheimissa (Trondheim - in Trondheim: inessive
sg.) |
|
Partitive
singular = nominative form +
-ii |
Stockholm - Stockholmii (Stockholm
- some parts Stockholm: partitive sg.) |