In some word
forms, an /h/ sound is inserted between the stem and the vowel ending. This is called an intrusive
"H" in English. An intrusive "H" is a unique feature that
do not exist in modern standard Finnish, and can be found in these several predictable
occasions:
Illative Singular
In modern standard Finnish, illative is formed in almost
the same manner as Kven. Look carefully and see how -h- is inserted before
vowel combination after the stem. We will touch on illataive case in future lessons.
1. If the grade +0 stem ends in a single vowel, double
the same vowel (marked as V) and add an -n.
|
Word in Finnish and Kven |
Stem |
Illative in Finnish |
Illative in Kven |
|
Suomi |
Suome- |
Suomeen |
Suomheen |
|
kirja |
kirja- |
kirjaan |
kirjhaan |
|
osa |
osa- |
osaan |
oshaan |
|
pankki |
pankki- |
pankkiin |
pankkhiin |
|
pieni |
piene- |
pieneen |
pienheen |
2. For words ending in -i group B (most words ending in -li, -ni,
-mi,
-hi,
and -si),
grade +1 (strong) is used for the stem.
|
Word in Finnish and Kven |
Stem |
Illative in Finnish |
Illative in Kven |
|
uusi |
uute- |
uuteen |
uutheen |
|
vuosi |
vuote- |
vuoteen |
vuotheen |
|
vesi |
vete- |
veteen |
vetheen |
|
käsi |
käte- |
käteen |
kätheen |
3. For other word endings:
|
Ending |
Word in Finnish and Kven |
Stem in Kven and Finnish |
Illative in Finnish |
Illative in Kven |
|
-io |
valtio |
valtio- |
valtioon |
valtihoon |
|
-ia or -iä |
itaalia (Finnish only) italia (Kven only) |
itaalia- (Finnish only) italia (Kven only) |
italiaan |
italihaan |
|
-eo |
museo (rare in
Kven, usually museuumi) video |
museo- video- |
museoon videoon |
musehoon videhoon |
|
-ea |
vaikea (Finnish only) kafea (Kven only) |
vaikea (Finnish only) kafea- (Kven only) |
vaikeaan |
kafehaan |
|
-ue or -ye |
ohut (rare in Kven) lyhyt (rare in Kven) |
ohue- lyhye- |
ohueen lyhyeen |
ohuheen (rare in Kven) lyhyheen (rare in Kven) |
3rd infinitive in illative
Use the third person singular present stem +
-mhaan/-mhään
• Mene syömhään. (Go to eat!)
• Lähđen hihtaamhaan vaarhaan. (I am going to ski
in the mountain.)
• Kirjat tulhaan olemhaan tärkkeet. (The books
will be important.)
Declension of nominals
ending in -et, -as, and in very rare
cases -is
tarvet
- tarpheet (need: nominative pl.)
kuningas -
kuninkhaassa (king: inessive sg.)
ruvis - rukhiit (rye: nominative pl.)
Words that are derived from adjective
vapaa - vaphaus (free - freedom)
oikkee - oikheus (right - right)
rakastaat - rakkhaus (to love - affection)
rikas + rikkhaus (rich - wealth)
Declensions of "vapaa"
|
Nominative |
Adessive sg. |
Meaning |
|
vapaa |
vaphaala |
free |
Some derived adverbs, prepositions, or
postposition
oikhein (right), oikheestaan (actually), oikheestansa
(theoratically), jälkheen/jälkhiin (after), and
melkhein (almost).
Derived nominals with the suffix -hinen
alhainen (low or low in number), eriskumhainen
(peculiar), jokhainen (every or every one), maanalhainen (underground),
munhainen (kidney), melkheinen (considerable), kaukhainen (far), pitkäaikhainen
(long-time), salhainen (secret), and varhainen (early).
Passive or verb form in third person plural
-thaan/-thään (present)
-thiin (imperfect)