In order to find out which word belongs to which type; we need to look at the ending of each word. In Kven, words can be divided into these two groups: Words ending in a vowel and words ending in a consonant.
In this chapter, we will look at those ending in -et, -as, -in, -ton, and -tar.
For these words, there are no grade –1 (because it is basically the same as grade 0). If you
look closely, you will notice that most gradations are inverted gradations
of that of words ending in a vowel.
Words ending in -et, -as, -in, -ton, and -tar
Chart 1. Nominative (grade
0) is weak.
The ending -is in this group is extremely rare.
|
Strong: |
Weak: |
|
all
other cases |
nominative
sg. and partitive sg. |
|
Gradation |
Nominative singular |
Nominative plural |
|
v : k |
ruvis (weak/0) |
rukhiit (strong/+1) |
|
ng : nk |
kuningas (weak/0) |
kuninkhaat (strong/+1) |
|
k : kk |
rikas (weak/0) |
rikkhaat (strong/+1) |
|
r : rk |
varas (weak/0) |
varkhaat (strong/+1) |
|
lj : lk |
paljet (weak/0) |
palkheet (strong/+1) |
|
h : hk (rare) |
pohet (weak/0) |
pohkheet (strong/+1) |
|
h : hh |
puhet (weak/0) |
puhheet (strong/+1) |
|
hj : hk |
vehjet (weak/0) |
vehkheet (strong/+1) |
|
đ : t |
puđas (weak/0) |
puthaat (strong/+1) |
|
t : tt |
ratas (weak/0) |
ratthaat (strong/+1) |
|
nn : nt |
kinnas (weak/0) |
kinthaat (strong/+1) |
|
rr : rt |
harras (weak/0) |
harthaat (strong/+1) |
|
ll : lt |
mallas (weak/0) |
malthaat (strong/+1) |
|
rv : rp |
turvet (weak/0) |
turpheet (strong/+1) |
|
lv : lp |
helvet (weak/0) |
helpheet (strong/+1) |
|
s : ss |
karsas (weak/0) |
karsshaat (strong/+1) |
|
r : rh |
peret (weak/0) |
perheet (strong/+1) |
|
mm : mp |
hammas (weak/0) |
hamphaat (strong/+1) |
*Green letters are case endings; they are just
examples of how they are attached to the stem. In other word, parts before the
green letter are strong stems.
Sample conjugation:
|
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
|
Nominative |
vaatet |
vaattheet |
|
Genitive |
vaattheen |
vaattheitten |
|
Partitive |
vaatetta |
vaattheita |
|
Inessive |
vaattheessa |
vaattheissa |
|
Illative |
vaattheesseen |
vaattheissiin |
|
Elative |
vaattheesta |
vaattheista |
|
Adessive |
vaattheela |
vaattheila |
|
Abessive |
vaattheetta |
vaattheitta |
|
Allative |
vaattheele |
vaattheile |
|
Ablative |
vaattheelta |
vaattheilta |
|
Essive |
vaattheena |
vaattheina |
|
Translative |
vaattheeksi |
vaattheiksi |
|
Comitative |
|
vaattheine |
|
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
|
Nominative |
rakas |
rakkhaat |
|
Genitive |
rakkhaan |
rakkhaitten |
|
Partitive |
rakasta |
rakkhaita rakkhaja |
|
Inessive |
rakkhaassa |
rakkhaissa |
|
Illative |
rakkhaasseen |
rakkhaissiin |
|
Elative |
rakkhaasta |
rakkhaista |
|
Adessive |
rakkhaala |
rakkhaila |
|
Abessive |
rakkhaatta |
rakkhaitta |
|
Allative |
rakkhaale |
rakkhaile |
|
Ablative |
rakkhaalta |
rakkhailta |
|
Essive |
rakkhaana |
rakkhaina |
|
Translative |
rakkhaaksi |
rakkhaiksi |
|
Comitative |
|
rakkhaine |