Words ending in -i group A
Most words ending in -i
belong to this group, most of which are loanwords. Type B gradation is possible
in this case.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
grade
0 =
nominative form |
minuutti – minuuttinna (minute - as a minute: essive sg.) |
|
Singular grade –1 = weak
grade |
äiti - äiđin (mother - mother’s: genitive
sg.) |
|
Singular
grade
+1 =
nominative form |
merkki - merkkinä (mark - as a mark: essive sg.) |
|
Plural grade
0 = nominative form + -i- |
äiti - äitiinä (mother - as mothers: essive
pl.) |
|
Plural
grade –1 = nominative form in weak grade + -i- |
merkki - merkiilä (mark - on marks:
adessive pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular =
grade 0 or +1
(strong) + -i |
tomaatti – tomaattii (tomato - some tomatoe(s):
partitive sg.) kaupunki - kaupunkkii
(city - some citie(s): partitive sg.) laki – lakkii (law - some law(s):
partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive plural = grade 0 or +1 (strong) + -i/-ita or +itä *Both forms are identical and can be used interchangeably. |
pappi
- pappii (priest - priests) laki
- lakkii (law - laws: partitive
pl.) dialekti - dialektii/dialektiita (dialect - dialects: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive plural = grade 0 or +1
(strong) + -in |
kläppi - kläppiin
(child - children’s: genitive pl.) |
Words ending in -i group B
Most words ending in -li, -ni,
-mi, -hi, and -si
belong
to this group. These words do not undergo consonant gradation.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = -e- |
lapsi
- lapsela (child - on a child:
adessive sg.) |
|
Plural stem = -i- |
sieni - sieniltä (mushroom - from a mushroom: ablative pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= remove
-i + -ta/-tä |
kieli
- kieltä (language - some languages:
partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = strong plural stem + -i |
kuusi - kuussii (spruce - spruces: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = remove
-i + -ten or -in |
mieli
– mielten/mieliin (mind - of minds:
genitive pl.) |
Pay attention to conjugations
of the following words:
|
Nominative |
Genetive sg. |
Illative sg. |
Partitive sg. |
Meaning |
|
lapsi |
lapsen |
lapsheen |
lasta |
child |
|
lumi |
lumen |
lumheen |
lunta |
snow |
|
meri |
meren |
merheen |
mertä |
sea |
|
veri |
veren |
verheen |
vertä |
blood |
|
yksi |
yhđen |
yhtheen |
yhtä |
one |
|
kansi |
kannen |
kantheen |
kantta |
cover |
|
varsi |
varren |
vartheen |
vartta |
stem |
|
kaksi |
kahđen |
kahtheen |
kahta |
two |
|
kynsi |
kynnen |
kuntheen |
kynttä |
nail |
|
länsi |
lännen |
läntheen |
länttä |
west |
|
hirsi |
hirren |
hirtheen |
hirttä |
timber |
|
kuusi |
kuusen |
kuusheen |
kuusta |
spruce |
Words ending in -i group C
Different from group A,
this group involves replacing the last -i with -e in the stem. The -e is dropped
in the plural. Type B gradation is possible in this case.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
grade
0 =
remove -i from nominative + -e |
joki
- jokena (river - as a river:
essive sg.) |
|
Singular grade –1 = weak
grade, and remove -i from nominative + -e |
joki - jovetta (river – without a
river: abessive sg.) |
|
Singular
grade
+1 =
strong grade, and remove -i from nominative + -e |
joki
- jokkee (river - some rivers:
partitive sg.) |
|
Plural grade
0 = nominative form |
lehti - lehtine (newspaper - with newspapers:
comitative pl.) joki - jokhiin (river - into the rivers: illative pl.) |
|
Plural
grade –1 = nominative form in weak grade |
joki
- jovissa (river - in rivers: comitative
pl.) |
|
Plural
grade
+1 = nominative form in strong grade |
joki - jokkiin (river - of rivers: genitive
pl.) järki - järkkiin (reasons - of reasons:
genitive pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
=
grade
0 or +1 (strong) + remove -i + ee |
suomi
- suomee (Finnish - some
Finnish: partitive sg.) kaikki
- kaikkee (all - some of all:
partitive sg.) joki
- jokkee (river - some rivers:
partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = grade 0 or +1 (strong)
+ -i |
joki - jokkii (river - rivers: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = grade
0
or
+1
(strong)
+
-in |
joki
- jokkiin (river - of rivers:
genitive pl.) |
*Although
this group is fairly small (because they are all archaic Finnic words), there are still a number of common words:
|
Word |
Meaning |
Word |
Meaning |
|
järvi |
lake |
niemi |
cape |
|
lahti |
bay |
nimi |
name |
|
suomi |
Finnish |
kiivi |
stone |
|
tähti |
star |
talvi |
winter |
|
ovi |
door |
kaikki |
all, everything |
|
lehti |
newspaper,
leaf |
henki |
life,
person |
*Pay
attention to conjugations of the following words:
|
Nominative |
Genetive sg. |
Illative sg. |
Partitive sg. |
Meaning |
|
lapsi |
lapsen |
lapsheen |
lasta |
child |
|
lumi |
lumen |
lumheen |
lunta |
snow |
|
meri |
meren |
merheen |
mertä |
sea |
|
veri |
veren |
verheen |
vertä |
blood |
|
veitti |
veitten |
veittheen |
veittee |
knife |
|
mäki |
mäjen |
mäkheen |
mäkkii |
hill |
Words ending in -i group D
Most words ending in -usi, -osi, -äsi, -esi, and -isi *(most words ending in -si) belong to this group.
|
Examples |
|
|
Singular grade –1 = remove -si + - đe- |
vesi - veđen (water - of water: genitive sg.) |
|
Singular
grade +1 =
remove -si + - te- |
vesi -
vetheen (witer - into the
water: essive sg.) |
|
Plural grade 0
= nominative form |
kuusi - kuusile (six - to six: allative pl.) |
|
Plural special strong grade
(only for words ending in -si in genitive and partitive) =
nominative form with double consonants |
täysi -
täyssiin (full - into fuull:
essive pl.) kuusi -
kuussii (six - six: partitive
pl.) viisi -
viissii (five - five:
partitive pl.) |
|
Partitive singular
= remove -si + -tta/-ttä |
uusi - uutta (new - new: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive plural =
strong plural stem + -i |
uusi -
uussii (new - some new:
partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive plural = strong plural stem + -in or rarely -tten |
kuusi - kuusiin/kuusitten (six - of six: genitive pl.) |
*Pay
attention to conjugations of the following words:
|
Nominative |
Genetive sg. |
Illative sg. |
Partitive sg. |
Meaning |
|
yksi |
yhđen |
yhtheen |
yhtä |
one |
|
kansi |
kannen |
kantheen |
kantta |
cover |
|
varsi |
varren |
vartheen |
vartta |
stem |
|
kaksi |
kahđen |
kahtheen |
kahta |
two |
|
kynsi |
kynnen |
kuntheen |
kynttä |
nail |
|
länsi |
lännen |
läntheen |
länttä |
west |
|
hirsi |
hirren |
hirtheen |
hirttä |
timber, log |
|
kuusi |
kuusen |
kuusheen |
kuusta |
spruce |
|
virsi |
virren |
virtheen |
virttä |
hymn |
Monosyllabic words ending
in a vowel
This type of words is not
affected by consonant gradation, nor is /h/ needed to be
inserted before two vowels.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = nominative singular |
maa
- maan (land - of land: genitive
sg.) |
|
Plural stem = sound changes: -ie changes to -ei -yö changes -öi -aa changes to -ai (-uu to -ui and -ee to -ei) -uo changes -oi "yö" changes to "öi" -oi remains unchanged |
tie - teissä
(road - in the roads: inessive pl.) vyö - vöilä
(belt - on the belt: adessive pl.) maa - maihin
(land - into the lands: illative pl.) valkkee - valkkeila (difficult - on the difficult: adessive pl.) suo - soila
(bog - on the bogs: adessive pl.) yö - öinä
(night - at nights: essive pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= nominative + -ta/-tä |
vyö
- vyötä
(belt
- some belts: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = stem + -ta/-tä |
yö - öitä
(night - some nights: partitive pl.) vyö - vöitä
(belt - some belts: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = plural stem + -tten |
vyö - vöitten (belt - belts: genitive pl.) |
*Words
ending in -ee- is considered special cases, as intrusive /h/ does not occur.
Common words include: valkkee (white), vaikkee (difficult), tärkkee (important)
Words ending in -e
This group is represented
by a very small numbers of words. These words do not undergo consonant
gradation.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = nominative form |
kolme
- kolmessa
(three
- in three: inessive sg.) |
|
Plural stem = change the last -e of nominative to -i |
kolme - kolmila (three - on three: adessive pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= double the last -e of nominative |
itte
- ittee
(self
- self: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = change the last of nominative -e to
-ii |
kolme - kolmii (three - three: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = change the last -e of nominative to -iin |
kolme
- kolmiin
(three
- of three: genitive pl.) |
Words ending in other vowels
Words ending in -o, -ö, -u,
-y, -a, and -ä belong to this group. This group is a very common type. Type
B gradation is possible in this case. The ending -a and -ä may change in the plural, for more
information please refer to Lesson 15.
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular
grade –1 |
aurinko
- auringot (sun - the suns: nominative
pl.) |
|
Singular grade +1 |
aurinko - aurinkkoo
(sun - part of a sun: partitive sg.) |
|
Singular
grade
0 |
aurinko - aurinkonna (sun - as the sun: essive sg.) |
|
Plural grade –1 |
ranta - rannoile (beach - to the beaches: allative
pl.) |
|
Plural
grade
0
|
ranta
- rantoina (beach - as the
beaches: essive pl.) |
|
Plural grade +1 |
ranta - ranttoi (beach - beaches: partitive pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= stem in grade
0 or +1 (strong) + double the last vowel |
helppo
- helppoo (easy - some easy: partitive
sg.) katu
- kattuu (street - some
streets: partitive sg.) |
Words ending in -nu, -lu,
-su,
-ny,
-ly,
-sy
and -ru
These words are past participles (adjective) of verbs. These words do not undergo consonant gradation. Because these words are adjectives, and they mostly function as either predicative adjectives or attributive adjectives, it is unnecessary to give the corresponding translations.
An intrusive /h/ is
possible here.
|
Notes |
Examples |
|
Singular
stem = nominative form -nu and -ny change to -nhee- -lu
and
-ly
change to -lhee- -su and -sy change to -shee- -ru
changes to -rhee- |
väsyny
- väsynheestä
ajatellu - ajatelheet aukaissu - aukaissheela purru - purrheela |
|
Plural stem = change the last -ee in singular stem to -ei- |
väsyny - väsynheistä ajatellu - ajatelheitä aukaissu - aukaissheissa purru - purrheila |
|
Partitive
singular
= nominative form + -tta/-ttä *Note
that the first /t/ sound belongs to the lost phonology that exists in Finnish, in which partitive is only marked by the ending -ta/-tä.
However, the /t/ makes a return in partitive. |
väsyny - väsynyttä ajatellu - ajatellutta aukaissu - aukaissutta purru - purrutta |
|
Partitive
plural = change the last -ee in singular stem
to -eita/-eitä |
väsyny - väsynheitä ajatellu - ajatelheita aukaissu - aukaissheita purru - purrheita |
|
Genitive
plural = change the last -ee in singular stem to -tten |
väsyny - väsynheitten ajatellu - ajatelheitten aukaissu - aukaissheitten purru - purrheitten |
Archaic words ending in -u and -y
These words do not
undergo consonant gradation.
This group is represented
by a very small number of archaic words. Originally these words end in either
-ut or -yt, however the /t/
is dropped in Porsanki dialect. These are the proposed or
tentative conjugations based on Kven phonology, Porsanki dialect. Common words
include "ohu", "olu", and "lyhy".
|
Notes on
the stem |
Examples |
|
Singular stem = add -e- or possibly remove -u- and add -e- |
ohu
- ohuesta (thin - about a thin:
elative sg.) ohu - ohesta (thin - about a thin: elative sg.) |
|
Plural stem = add -i- |
ohu - ohuile
(thin - to thin…: allative pl.) |
|
Partitive
singular
= nominative
+ -tta/-ttä *Note that the first /t/ sound belongs to the lost phonology that exists in Finnish, in which partitive is only marked by the ending -ta/-tä. However, the /t/ makes a return in partitive. |
lyhy
- lyhyttä (short - some part
of a short…: partitive sg.) |
|
Partitive
plural = add -ii or -iita/-iitä |
ohu - ohuii/ohuiita
(thin - some thin…: partitive pl.) |
|
Genitive
plural = add -itten |
lyhy
- lyhyitten (thin - of a thin…:
genitive pl.) |